guidance provided by Joseph Ratzinger/Pope Benedict (and others) will be presented and then illustrated with some examples, again drawing on his writings. “Now dogma is, in fact, essentially nothing other than the explanation of Scripture.”21 So spoke Cardinal Ratzinger in a 1983 lecture given in Lyons and Paris. It is claimed, however, that with the development of historical criticism, a new interpretation arose that made the dogmatic interpretation appear as